FIRST SEMESTER STUDY QUESTIONS

1)   What is the definition of prehistory? Before writing, written history.

2)   When (the date) did prehistory end

3000 BC

3)   How did Paleolithic people live? Lived in groups of 20 or 30. Lived to 20 or 25. Shared food, learned to make tools for easier hunting.

4)   List five things that people made or sought that led to civilization?

Sought better shelter, made clothing, developed a language, discovered fire, and made their own tools.

5)   List some things (3 things) that Cro-Magnons did or made. Cro-Magnons invented the Axe, played music on homemade flutes, and painted pictures out of mineral paints.

6)   What is specialization?

Specialization is the creation of jobs and occupations for people.

 7)   What is one of the earliest known villages? Jericho.

8)   What two important discoveries brought on the Neolithic Revolution?

The two important discoveries were learning to grow food and herd animals.

I)              Sumer

1)   Inventions wheel, plow, sailboat

2)   Gods Ki- earth goddess, Enki-water god

3)   Leaders Sargon, and Hammurabi

4)   Rivers Tigris and Euphrates

5)   Anything else you know

They had courtyards,

III.  Egypt

 1)   Inventions, papyrus paper, bandages, the calender

 2)   Gods ra, amun, amun ra

 3)   Leaders king tut, and hetshepsut

 4)   Rivers the Nile

 5)   Anything else you know Cities Memphis and Thebes

 Harappa

Inventions granaries, waste draining system, measuring rod

Gods mother goddess, enki, and

Leaders no known leaders

Rivers indus

       Anything else you know planned street grid, The great Bath,

Part 1: The Assyrians

1) Why did the Assyrians become warriors (think about where they lived)? The rolling hills didn’t allow for much protection so fighting became a way to survive

2) Discuss how a foot soldier in the Assyrian army might be dressed?  Dagger, helmets, spears, shields, 

3) The Assyrians were considered CRUEL, why?  What did they do?

4) Who was Ashurbanipal?  What did he do? was an assyrian king who started the world's first library that had 25,000 tablets of hymns, stories, and hieroglyphs 

Part II:  The Persians

5) How did the Persians differ from the Assyrians The persians weren't as cruel when they conquered people. The Assyrians were so cruel people would surrender to them without a fight. 

6) Discuss Zoroaster and Zoroasterism (what did they believe?)

7) What was the Persian view of trade? Thought it brought on greed, lies, and cheating, but encouraged it in cities they conquered.

8)  What major thing did the Persians leave for the World? the persians left us with the idea of using coins as money

Part III: The Hebrews   

9)   Who were the great kings of the Hebrews?  What were some things they did? Great Hebrew kings were SAul, David, and Soloman . Saul was the first king, ruled for several years, lost peoples support, DAVID w reunited the Hebrews, defeated Canaanites, wrote psalms , SOLOMON was wealthy andwise, he had people build his projects, but they didn't like him

10)   Discuss the lifestyle of the Hebrews The hebrews were nomadic people, traveling merchants, had donkeys loaded with goods, They traded with other cities

11)  Who were the Hebrews descended from?  What city did they come from? The hebrews descended from Abraham, coming from the city Ur

12)  What great gift did the Hebrews leave the World? The hebrews left us with the bible

Part IV:  The Phoenicians

13)  What great gift did the Phoenicians leave the World? The alphabet

14) Why did the growth of trade (worldwide) expand under the Phoenicians trade expanded because the land wasn’t rich so they turned to seatrade

15) What were some ancient Phoenician cities? Carthage, Tyre, and Byblos

16) How were Phoenician cities organized? A king ruled, stone wall around them for protection

GREEKS

1) The Minoans lived where?   What were they known for? Minoans lived on Crete they were known for growing barley, wheat, grapes, and olives

2) What is the legend behind the fall of the Minoans?  Who was Theseus?

3) What is the most import thing that the Mycenaeans have left us? 

4) The Mycenaeans became rich off the trade of what product? Olive oil

5) The Mycenaeans where known for what to occupations?

6) How did the Mycenaeans disappear (you need two specific things).

7) What was the Trojan War?

8)  The average city-state of classical Greece contained how many people?

9) What war was fought between Athens and Sparta?   When did it end?   How long did it last?  Who won?

10)  Discuss the life of a boy in Sparta (make sure you talk about important ages – birth, 7, 20, 30, 60).

11)  Who were the helots? slaves

12)  Who wrote the world’s first democratic constitution?

13)  What was the council of 500?   How did one become a member of the council?

14)  Describe the Battle of Marathon.

15)  Why did the Persians go to war with the Greeks?  What was the final outcome? 

16)  The first Olympic Games where held when?   In honor of who?   List three events at the Olympic Games.

17)  List three Greek philosophers and briefly why each is important  plato-started the academy, Aristotle-

18)  List three Greek playwrights and discuss how theater emerged in ancient Greece.

19)  Who was Hippocrates

20) How, in the worship of Gods, were the Greeks different from earlier people?  

ROME

1)   What is Rome’s legacy on today’s culture? 

2)   Who was the first emperor of the Roman Empire?  What were some of his accomplishments?

3)   What was the Pax Romana?

4)   List three reasons the Roman Empire collapsed. Roman empire couldn’t afford to keep paying solidiers, no official rule of who would become emperor after the deceased. And could keep foreign enemies away

5)   Who Founded Rome?  What is the story behind the founding of Rome?

6)   Why were the Etruscans important? Influenced what the romans did

7)   What was important about the Roman Republic?  How did it end?

8)   Who was Julius Caesar?  Why was he important? Created gladiatorial games,  

9)   What customs did the Romans borrow or adopt from the Etruscans?

10)                  Who was Hannibal?  What were some of his accomplishments?

11-13) Discuss the following Emperors, what they did for Rome, why were the important:

Trajan

Constantine I

Diocletian

The Early Middle –Ages

THE GERMANS

1) Who were the Goths?

2) Discuss the Battle of Adrianople?  Why was it important?  When did it happen?

3) Where did the Goths end up?

4) Who were the Vandals?

5) What English world did the Vandals inspire?  Why?

6) Who was Odoacer?

7) Who was Theodoric?

8) What happened to the Roman Empire in the West by 550 C.E.? 

THE FRANKS

1)   Why were people no longer interested in learning during the early middle ages?

2)   Why are the Franks important?

3)   Who was Clovis?  How did Clovis become Christian? 

4)   What happened after Clovis became Christian?

5)   Why was it important that the Pope gave Clovis his support?

6)   Why were the Franks more successful at governing than other Germanic peoples?

7)   What modern nations developed out of the civilization built by the Franks? France and Germany

1)   Why were the Frankish kings after Clovis weak?

2)   Who was Charles Martel?  What did he do?  Why was he known as “The Hammer”?

3)   Why was the Battle of Tours a turning point in history? It saved christianity

4)   What might western Europe have been like if the Arabs and Berbers had won the Battle of Tours?

5)   Who was Pepin?  How did he help the Pope?

6)   Define anointed. 

1)   When did Pepin die?  Who were his sons?

2)   Who was Charlemagne?  What did he do?  List the people he defeated in battle.  What does his name mean?

3)   What was The Song of Roland about?

4)   Why was Charlemagne displeased that the Pope crowned him emperor?

5)   What was Charlemagne’s view of education?  What did he do to promote education in his empire?

6)   Who was Alcuin?  What did children study in the school set up by Alcuin?

7)   What were some things that artists created under Charlemagne’s rule? 

8)   Describe estate life.

9)   How did farmers gradually become serfs?

10)  How did minstrels increase Charlemagne’s popularity?

11)  What did the Empire collapse after Charlemagne’s death?

12)  What might have prevented the collapse of Charlemagne’s government?

THE ANGLO-SAXONS

1) The Anglo-Saxons were made up of what three groups? Anglos, Saxons, and Jutes

2) How did Christianity come to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England? Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England to convert everyone

3) What did Alfred do to unite Anglo-Saxon England? To unite England Alfred paid their enemies, the danes, to stay away until his army was strong enough to take them on.

4) Why did Alfred the Great pay the Danes to leave England alone? He paid them so he could train his army to be strong enough to defeat them.

5) Why did the king set up local governments in England? King set up local goverments because it was too much to rule by himself

6) What were the duties of the nobles? Nobles approved laws from the king, went to Witenagemot, and give advice on running the country

7) Why did early English kinds divide the country into shires?  What were some of the jobs of the sheriff? Divided into shires because the government was too weak to rule that much land. Sheriff jobs were  to run the shire, collect money, inform king of what was happenin’ and enforce laws.

8) How did the King's peace help unite England? Kings peace united England because whrerever the king currently was living was under King’s Law aknd crimes went to his court. The peace spread throughout all of englannd.

9) What was the purpose of witenagemot? Witenagemot was to inform king of what shires were doing, discussed problems, and approved the kings laws.

10) How did the English government develop under the Anglo-Saxons? The government united under the anglo Saxons because everyone was at more peace and felt more together

11) Why did Anglo-Saxons unite under Alfred the Great? United under Alfred because he paid the danes not to attack so he could strengthen hjis army. Soon all of England was fighting behind him and the defeated the danes, feeling united, He rebuilt England after it was destroyed.he educated them so they could be familiar with their history.

The VIKINGS

1)     The Vikings came from what places (think countries)? Sweden, Norway, and Denmark

2)     The Vikings prowess in trade has led people to compare them with what historical group? The Phonecians

3)     Why did Vikings raid? Vikings raided to survive a mini ice age

4)     Why was there no central government in Scandinavia?

5)     What was a Jarl?

6)      Why did the Vikings disappear?      Vikings disapperead because they converted to Christianity

7)      What some rights that Viking women have?  Women could talk to other men, own property, and get divorced

8)      Who was Erik the Red? Erik the red was an adventurer who led the Vikings to conquer land in Greenland

9)      Who were the Normans? Normans were the Danes who settled infrance and converted to Christianity.

10)    What was a berserker?

SECOND SEMESTER STUDY QUESTIONS

1. They wanted to justify spending taxpayer dollars, and see what they looked like and test them and scare Russia. Tensions were already high with US trying to stop communism .

2. The marshall Plan was a loan program that helped rebuild road and factories in Europe.

3. There was a power struggle between the US and Russia over the spread of Communism.

4. FIDEL CASTRO: Fidel Castro started a revolution in Cuba against the dictator. He promised free elections and economic and social reforms, but he didn't keep these promises. Instead he jailed people who opposed him and with Russia's help made the Cuban government Communist. HO CHI MING: Ho Chi Ming led a guerrilla war against the French. He was a communist and Vietnamese nationalist. North Vietnam became Communists and were led by Ho Chi Minh. MAO ZEDONG: He led communist government that wanted to gain control of the country. Mao wanted to make China a strong and modern country. He allowed women to have equal pay, have a job of their choice, and choose their husbands. He purged members of the communist party who were undesirable. JOSEPH STALIN: He controlled the Communist party in the Soviet Union. He wanted the Soviet Union to industrialize fast. Douglas MacArthur was the United Nations commander, he suggested dropping atomic bombs on chinese bases . CHIANG KAI-SHEK: leader of nationalist party, tried to wipe out communism, were forced to leave china, had to go to taiwan, claimed he ruled china, NEIL ARMSTRONG: astronaut first person to walk on moon, MIKHAIL GORBACHEV: was a reformer, adopted two policies to improve economy growth in SU,

5. The Berlin Wall was a wall between east and west Germany controlled by the Soviet Union to keep people from escaping to the NonCommunist side.

6. The Korean War was when North K invaded South K to try and spread communism. The US was involved to stop communism from growing. Started in 1950 ended in 1953.

7. The Vietnam war was a civil war between North and South Vietnam. 

8. The space race was a race between the US and Russia to explore and discover space stuff first.

9. Mao's main goal for China was to make it a strong and modern country. 

10. Victims of Mao's purges were scholars, teachers, and students.

11. The glasnost policy allowed people to speak freely without fear of being punished. It may have changed Russia if it had stopped communism...

12. There was a lot of fighting for power, economic struggles...

13. Ghandi used nonviolence and peaceful protests, and boycotting to win independence from Britain.

14. 1960 was the year of Africa because the towns won their independence.

15. The US proposed the Marshall plan to rebuild roads, open factories, and give people jobs.

16. The Soviet Union blockaded Berlin to stop people from escaping to non communist Berlin and to stop the US from sending in airlifts of supplies.

17. Mao Zedong ordered the Cultural Revolution to rid unwanted members out of the communist party and to bring back China's revolutionary spirit.

18. Castro had promised free elections, but when he came into power he made Cuba communists with Russia's help.

19. Demonstrators in Tiananmen Square were demanding democracy.

20. Most African Nations are facing hunger, poor education, and fighting among different cities?colonies...places

World War I and II 
1. The spark of the war was when Archduke Franz was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip and so Germany got involved to help Austria-Hungary fight against the Serbs.
Tensions were growing between countries. France was jealous that Germany was industrializing so quickly.

2. Trench warfare was a fighting style where fences were built around deep trenches and soldiers laid inside them with their weapons ready to fire. It started because of the fighting between France and Germany.

3. World war I lost 13 million soldiers and 17 million civilians

4. Woodrow Wilson was the President of the United States and his plan after World War I was a peace plan called the 14 points which would allow European national groups to from their own countries and reduce war equipment.

5. The Treaty of Versailles caused Germany to lose most of its land in Europe and overseas. Russia lost even more land than Germany under this treaty to Poland and Romania.

6. Vladimir Lenin was

7. To deal with the Jewish problem the Nazis forced them to wear a yellow star on their clothing, they took their jobs away, stole their valuables, they were sent live in ghettoes, then taken to work camps, then concentration camps and eventually the gas chambers.

8. France and Britain declared War on Germany because they broke the treaty and invaded Poland.

9. World War II started September 1, 1939.

10. Blitzkrieg was a German fighting style where German airplanes bombed enemy roads, cities, and airfields. Then soldiers and civilians are machine-gunned down from the air and tanks go through the countryside wiping out remaining people.

11. The Battle of Britain was a 10 month long battle between Germany and Britain because they tried to bomb the British.

12. The US joined World War II in 1941 because of the Pearl Harbor Bombings.

13. The battle of Stalingrad is important because Hitler ignored their treaty and attacked the Soviet Union to get their resources. The Soviet Union then scorched all of their cities and resources so that the Germans couldn't survive.

14. D-Day was the day that allied troops crossed the English Channel and landed on the beaches of Normandy. The allied soldiers had taken Paris and moved eastward. It happened on June 6, 1944. Dwight D Eisenhower was in charge and  2 million people were engaged.

15. V-E Day happened on May 8, 1945.

16. August 6: “Little Boy” Was the first atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, August 9: “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki. August 15:  Japan surrendered, September 2: The peace treaty was signed in on the Battle Ship Missouri in Tokyo bay. 

17. The Holocaust was the mass genocide of Jewish people by Hitler. More than 6 million Jews were killed. 

18. Germany attacked the Soviet Union in 1941 because they wanted to stop Communism from coming to Germany. 

19. The United States dropped Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki because President Truman thought that a battle would cost millions of American lives, and he wanted to test out and justify the making of the atomic bombs. They also wanted to send a message that might scare Russia. '

20. Nationalism contributed to World War I because everyone wanted to be in power and so there were power struggles and these struggles led to fighting, which became the war. 

21. In 1929, the world economy took a hit and the Great Depression started. Factories closed, people lost their jobs, money was worth so little that people burned it for fuel. 

22. The French and British gave into Hitler's demands hoping it would prevent another war. 

23. The allied troops crossing the English Channel and moving Eastward helped the defeat of Germany in the war because they were caught between the allied forces. 

24. The United Nations was formed to prevent war, lend money to poor countries, and help provide better education and medicine. 

The AGE OF EXPLORATION
1. Europeans were interested in the Americas because the gold and riches and to spread Christianity. 

2. It was difficult for Portugal to rule their territories because they did not have a large enough population to send people to settle in their territories and the climate was wet and hot. 

3. Portugal's big Colony in the Americas was Brazil. 

4. When the Portugese claimed Brazil the NAtive Americans living there enslaved to work the land. 

5. The Spanish had trouble transporting gold and silver because of English, Dutch, and French pirates. 

6. The Lost Colony was Roanoke. 

7. The first permanent settlement in North America was Jamestown.

8. John Smith was a captain who kept the colony from falling apart and convinced the Powhatan to supply them with corn and beans. John Rolfe was a settler who started to grow tobacco and made it popular. 

9. The Pilgrims were separatists because they separated from the church and came to America for religious freedom. 

10. Colonists set up the house of burgesses because English laws were being brought to America and they wanted to create their own rules. 

11. the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded by the Pilgrims. 

12. France's first permanent settlement in North America was Quebec. 

13. France lost it's North America possessions after signing the treaty of Paris. 

14. The English Civil War Changed history because it tried and found the King guilt and gave Parliament more power. 

The Glorious Revolution changed history because people couldn't be sent to jail without just cause and it was the first time they changed monarchs without a shot fired.

The American Revolution changed history because it gave America independence from Britain, the Declaration of Independence was written and we broke away from Britain. 

The French Revolution changed history because it ended the monarchy and gave the peasants more representation in the government. 

15. James I had a new version of the Bible translated that is still widely used today, the King James Version. The style it is written in has influenced English speech and literature. 

16. Oliver Cromwell was a Puritan leader who led the New Model Army that supported Parliament. His army defeated the King and ended the War. 

17. The last Tudor monarch was Queen Elizabeth I. 

18. John Locke wrote the book Two Treatises of Government and he believed that everyone had the right to life, liberty, and property.It Influenced the American Revolution because they wanted a representative government. 

19. The Stamp Act was a law that required legal documents, playing cards, and newspapers be stamped saying that the customer paid the tax on the item. People started boycotting British goods and it hurt merchants, lawyers, and newspaper owners. 

20. The American Revolution ended because the Americans broke free from Britain and signed the Declaration of Independence. They then started their own government. 

21. 1st Estate: This is the Clergy, only makes up 1% of the people, own 10% of the land, didn't pay taxes, 

2nd Estate: This is the nobility, made up 2% of the people, owned large amounts of land, didn't pay taxes, got grants to live off of, rent paid by peasants, 

3rd Estate: Everyone Else, The Burgeioise was at the top with the bankers, merchants, doctors...artisans and laborers were next, at the bottom were peasants which made up 80% of the people. they had no power in government, paid the country's taxes

22. The Reign of Terror was a time when people were beheaded if they were believed to be against the Revolution. 

23. European rulers were afraid of the French Revolution ideas because they thought it would weaken their power. 

24. Galilei  was an Italian astronomer who discover stars and planets and invented the telescope. Isaac Newton explained the theory of gravity and how objects move through space. 

25. The Industrial Revolution changed lives because items could be produced in mass production. More jobs were created so that people could work in factories and only have to know about the one part of the car not the whole thing. Parts were interchangeable and cars were made with the same parts. 

26. The countries that led the Industrial Revolution were Great Britain, Belgium, and France.

27. Samuel Morse was an American inventor who invented the telegraph that allowed for communication to be quick.

Thomas Edison was an American who invented the lightbulb that would light homes and factories all over the world. 

Gottlieb Daimler was a German engineer who invented an internal combustion engine that is fueled by gasoline. 

28. Napoleon was a French military and political leader. He went to Egypt and defeated the British. 

Jesus People and Stuff

1. The Jesuits were a group of people who were part of the Society for Jesus who believed in strengthening their faith and helping the poor. 

2. The Pope and the Catholic church reclaimed Protestant areas by telling people that by doing good things they could get into heaven instead of paying for their sins. 

3. The council of Trent explained Catholic doctrines and decided which language the Bible would be translated in. 

4. Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church after they wouldn't let him divorce his wife so that he could marry someone else who could give him a son. 

5. Queen Mary was called Bloody Mary because she had people burned at the stake for not returning to Catholicism. 

6. When Mary Tudor became queen she expected people to return to the Roman Catholic Church. 

7. Under Elizabeth I the Church of England was made the leading Protestant authority. They kept some Catholic ways and had the monarch rule the church. 

8. Spain went to war with Britain because Philip II wanted everyone to be Catholic and thought he could do so by conquering Britain. 

9. The Spanish Armada broke after the English set fire to eight small ships. They broke formation and drifted allowing the English to fight each ship one by one. 

10. Civil War in France in 1562 started because King Francis wanted everyone to be Catholic so he arrested the Huguenots. 

1. Luther came into conflict with the church because he believed that God judged people and not the Pope and in trusting Jesus he would save you from your sins. 

2. At Worms Luther was condemned for heresy because he refused to give up his ways. 

3. The Peace of Augsburg was a treaty that kept Catholics and Lutherans from fighting. 

4. Lutheran and reformed churches were called Protestant because they protested the Catholic church's ideas. 

The Renaissance

1. The war of Roses was a fight between two families over the throne. The Lancasters won. 

2. Henry VIII changed history when he convinced Parliament to make him head of the Church of England so he could divorce his wives. 

3. Henry VIII encouraged the Renaissance in England because he enjoyed arts, music, literature, parties, and hunting. He played instruments and composed songs. 

4. Queen Elizabeth was Henry VIII's daughter. She became queen when she was 25 because her father didn't have any sons. When she reigned the Renaissance increased.

5. English theaters were outside, the stages were in open air, but the audience sat beneath coverings. If you couldn't afford a seat you could stand in a pit with several other people or on the sides of the stage. Plays were performed in the afternoon because there were no lights in the theater. 

6. Shakespeare got ideas for his plays from English and Roman histories.

7. In a paragraph summarize the effects of the Renaissance on England.

The Renaissance brought more arts and literature to England. Shakespeare wrote many of his great plays based on England's history. Trade increased to pay for the arts and it became rich and peaceful. People were well-educated and spoke many languages. Nobles began to write poetry as the arts became part of daily life. All classes enjoyed folk songs and ballads. It was a calmer time and everyone was enjoying the arts and seeing plays. 

 

1. Three important states of Italy were Venice, papal states, .Florence

2. Renaissance artists studied Greek and Roman Art, science, and mathematics. 

3. Leonardo da Vinci was an inventor and artist. He painted the Mona Lisa. He drew up inventions of a flying machine and mechanical diggers. 

4. Florence was ruled by the Lorenzo Medici. Florence was known for starting the Renaissance. 

5. Popes during the time acted like political leaders by building large churches and palaces. 

6. Venice was different than most Renaissance cities because its churches and palaces were built on small islands and connected by bridges. Streets were canals. 

7. The doge had little power because it had to obey the Council of Ten. 

8. Rabelais was a monk who believed that people weren't tied down by their past and could do whatever they wanted. 

9. The printing press was developed by Johannes Gutenberg and it changed European culture because more books were produced and read and ideas spread rapidly. 

10. German and Flemish scholars wanted to reform the church by making teachings simpler because may leaders had interpreted the Bible to fit their needs. 

11. Philip II mistreated Spanish scholars because he was religious and didn't trust their work. He had them burned or charged with heresy. 

The Medieval Ages

1. Land ownership became tied to military service because it was given as a reward for being in the military. 

2. Vassals duties were to entertain the lord, help the lord in battle, they had to be in the military for 40-60 days a year, gave the lord money, and paid the lord's ransom if he's captured. 

3. 

4. Describe Castle Life. Nobles lived in stone houses known as castles. Nobles looked after their estates, hunted, fished, and played chess. 

5. The code of chivalry was a list of rules that knights had to follow.

6. The seven rules of chivalry were, be brave, fight fairly, respect noblewomen, honor the church, obey your lord, help people, and be honest. 

7. knights trained for wars by being in tournaments. 

8. A person became a knight by going to live with a lord from another family when he was seven. He was a page who cared for the horses, then at age 14 he learned how to handle a sword while on horseback. At 15 he became a squire who trained under a knight in battles. If he was a good fighter he became a knight. 

9. On a manor you'd find a well, a church, a bread oven, the cottages, the castle, fields, animal pastures. 

10. A serf was tied to the land and worked it until they died. A freeman paid the noble so they could farm on the land and they had rights and could leave if they wanted to. 

11. Serfs could buy their freedom or run away and survive in town for a year and be considered free. 

12. By the 1200's farming changed because there was a three field system, a  heavy iron plow, and a horse collar. 

13. People on a manor produced everything they needed because of fighting and poor transportation. 

14. The Inquisition was a church court that punished heretics by whipping them or sending them to prison. 

15. The Monks of Cluny were a group of religious nobles who fought corruption in the church. Pope Gregory VII wanted to rid the church of control by kings and nobles and wanted to increase the Pope's power. Friars were preachers who carried out church reforms. 

16. Two goals of Pope Gregory VII were to rid the church of control from Kings and nobles and to increase the Pope's power. 

17. Universities formed because students complained that teachers didn't hold enough classes or cover enough subjects and that teachers were untrained. So students and teachers came together for a common course which later became universities. 

18. The first Crusade was called by Pope Urban II. 

19. In the Peasants Crusade Urban II went around Europe calling the crusade. People were eagerly responding to it. The Nobles were supposed to lead the crusade but took too long so the peasants formed their own armies and headed to Palestine. They lacked military training and were sent to fight the Turks in Asia Minor by the Byzantine Emperor and were wiped out. 

20. In the Nobles' Crusade the nobles were lead by great lords and brought there vassals and families with them. It was the most expensive crusade. Nobles borrowed money or sold land to cover the costs. 30,000 crusaders got to Asia Minor and defeated the Turks and moved on to Syria. They weren't prepared for the hot climate and didn't have enough food or water. Most died from thirst or starvation. Survivors went on to Palestine. 12,000 survivors reached Jerusalem and captured the Holy City, killing Jews, Christians, and Turks. After taking over Jerusalem they lost their religious spirit. Some returned home to Europe. Others set up for kingdoms in the areas that they won. They were known as the Kingdom Beyond the Sea. 

21. In the Kings Crusade Saladin started a war against the Christian Palestine. It was hard for crusaders to fight against their short bows. Their armor was too heavy, their swords too long, and their horses weren't protected. Saladin's armies took Jerusalem. After Saladin's victory the church pushed for another crusade. they were led by King Richard I, King Philip II, and King Frederick. Frederick died in Asia Minor, Richard and Philip were enemies and always fought. Philip went home and Richard continued the Crusade by himself. He signed a truce with Saladin. It was considered a failed crusade. 

22. Saladin was a Muslim military leader who ruled Egypt and united the Muslims.

23. The 4th crusade was called by Pope Innocent III. Knights from around Europe decided to go by ship from the port of Venice. The crusaders couldn't pay the Venetians so they sacked and looted Constantinople to pay them back. People were shocked by the sacking of Constantinople and lost respect for the crusader ideal. 

24.  The Crusades gave kings more power but their desire for wealth and more power clouded the religious ideals. 

25. The Crusaders in Palestine weren't ready for such a hot climate and their armor was too hot and heavy. They didn't bring enough food and water. 

26. The growth and development of Venice's trade was because of the lack of fertile land they turned to the sea for trade. 

27. Flanders' location helped it become an important trading center because it had two rivers connected to the North Sea so it was easy to get to. 

28. Fairs were special events for people to trade at. They were sponsored by nobles because they could collect taxes from sales.

29. Towns in the middle ages developed because merchants were tired of moving around all the time and needed a place to store their goods. 

30. The Black death was a plague that spread by contact and through rats. It turned skin black, took over the lung. It killed millions of people. 

31. Burghers wanted Feudal laws to not tax and charge them to use the marketplace. They didn't want to get permission to get married from the noble. They didn't like serving in the noble's army. 

32. Guilds were dedicated to a specific trade/skill. Guild members couldn't compete with other members on prices, every price was the same, all members worked the same amount of hours, paid the same wages,  ahd had the same number of workers. 

33. People started out as an apprentice for 7 years, then they became journeymen working for a wage, thye took a test, and then they were a guild master. 

34. Nobles and church officials were against the rise of towns because guilds had more power and were becoming richer. Nobles had to borrow money from them. 

35. The estates-general strengthened the French monarchy because it started the first national government in France. 

36. The Magna Carta decreased the king's power, freemen accused of a crime had a right to a trial, brought froth the idea that the king wasn't above the law. 

37. The position of the common people in England and France changed due to the 100years War because since so many people died they became more valuable, had more rights, and were treated better because they were more needed and less disposable. 

38. Otto I set up a Christian Roman Empire in Western Europe by making his followers bishops and giving them government posts. 

39. The Moors brought learning and luxury. 

1. MAD was mutually assured destruction. 

2. the Cold War started in 1947 and ended in 1991. 

3. The Cold War started because at the end of world war II the Soviet Union set up communist governments in Bulgaria, Czechlovskia, and Hungary. Stalin had promised free elections with his allies, but he broke his promise and the Cold War began. 

4. In Korea in 1950 communist government was set up in North Korea and it tried to invade South K to make them communists as well. The Chinese and Soviets helped North K and the UN sent Americans to help South K. North and South K signed a peace treaty and their governments remained separate. 

5. The Cuban Missile Crisis was when Cuban refugees invaded Cuba to force Castro out of power. Castro got more military aid from the Soviet Union and cuba now had Soviet Nuclear missile bases on the island. The soviets were forced to remove the missiles after the US blockaded Cuba. 

6. The Cold War ended because 

7. The Berlin wall was a blockade put up to keep people from escaping to west germany and to stop US from airlifting stuff in. 

8. The Korean War was a war between North K and South K over communism. North K invaded South K because they wanted them to be under communist rule. The US was involved with South K, China and the Soviets helped North K. It started in 1950, ended in 1953

9. Mao's main goal was to make china a modern, strong country, bring more back its revolutionary spirit

10. The policy of glasnost gave people freedom of speech without fear of being punished. It may have ended communism and brought more democracy ior whatever 

11. After Independence developing nations faced hunger, poor education, and fighting. There was a lack of resources. 

12. Ghandi used civil disobediance to win independence from britain through nonviolence and peaceful boycotts. 

13. The United states proposed the Marshall Plan to help rebuild roads, open mines, and create jobs in Western Europe after WWII. 

14. Castro had promised free elections, but then made Cuba communist with Russia's help. 

15. Demonstrators at Tiannanmen square were demanding democracy.